Chronicle+of+the+Years+1910-1919

** 1910-1919: The End of Old Europe and the Re-Shuffling of Global Power **
 * // World War and Revolution //**

** 1910 **


 * The U.S. Census of 1910 **

**April 15, 1910**: The United States Census Bureau conducted the 1910 Census.Per the 1910 Census, the population of the **United States of America** was **92,228,496**, a population increase of 21% since 1900.




 * George V Became the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain**


 * May 6, 1910:**


 * King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain George V who reigned from 1910 to 1936**


 * The Mexican Revolution, 1910 - 1920 **

1910-1920: Revolution in Mexico

Above left: Porfirio Diaz, long-time ruler of Mexico, 1876-1910 Above left-center: Francisco I. Madero, the man who sparked the downfall of Porfirio Diaz Above right-center: Emiliano Zapata, guerrilla and revolutionary radical for land reform Above right: Pancho Villa (famed guerrilla fighter) pictured at left with Zapata


 * [|Timeline of the Mexican Revolution] **

**The Promise and Legacy of the Mexican Revolution**

Above: **Porfirio Diaz; Francisco I. Madero; Victoriano Huerta**

Above: **Venustiano Carranza; Alvaro Obregon**

** 1911 **


 * Future United States President Ronald Reagan is Born in Illinois**


 * February 6, 1911:**


 * The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire **

March 25, 1911: In, ** New York City ** , the ** Triangle Shirtwaist Factory ** caught fire, killing 146 people--many of whom were women who were ** Jewish and Italian immigrants. ** While the building itself was a modern high-rise for its time, the ** workers ** were essentially trapped in the burning building, in large part, because fire escapes were not accessible.

Some of the trapped victims jumped to their deaths, an action that was repeated by some 9-11 victims at the ** World Trade Center ** 90 years later in 2001.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire proved to be a landmark moment in the ** Progressive Era. ** In the wake of the fire, progressive-minded reformers called for extensive regulation of workplaces. In time, New York adopted many workplace-related laws and codes.


 * Al Smith, ** a Democratic New York Assemblyman, participated in the investigation of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, and came to embrace progressive-minded labor laws. He later became ** Governor of New York **, and governed as a ** Progressive. **

In 1928, Al Smith became the Democratic Party's nominee for President. In doing so, Smith became the first ** Catholic ** to win the nomination for president for a major political party. But in the 1928 general election, Smith lost in a landslide to Republican Herbert Hoover.

In 1932, Smith lost the Democratic presidential nomination to then-incumbent ** New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. ** FDR went on to win the ** 1932 Presidential Election ** in a landslide, thus unseating President Herbert Hoover.


 * Frances Perkins **, the future Secretary of Labor under President ** Franklin D. Roosevelt ** (1933-1945), later remarked that FDR's ** New Deal ** ( President Roosevelt's broad array of economic policies, many of which were pro-labor) was born with the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire.

Above: The ** Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, March 25, 1911 **



[|Images and Text Pertaining to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire]

[|Economist article on the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire and the American Labor Movement]

[|The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, Al Smith, and the Democratic Party]


 * Revolution in China **

October 1911 to February 1912: The Chinese (Xinhai) Revolution, the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, and the birth of the Republic of China With its imperial rule, the Qing Dynasty had ruled China (or much of it) since 1644. Out of this revolution emerged the Republic of China, a political order that existed (though often under duress) until October of 1949 when Mao Zedong seized power and established the People's Republic of China (aka "Red China" and Communist China). Pictured above-right is Sun Yat-Sen, a Chinese revolutionary and the first President of the Republic of China.

[|The Death of a Revolutionary]

** 1912 **


 * New Mexico Becomes the 47th State **

January 6, 1912: New Mexico was admitted as the 47th State.

Above: The United States with New Mexico highlighted in red


 * Arizona Becomes the 48th State **

February 14, 1912: Arizona was admitted as the 48th State.

Above: The United States with Arizona highlighted in red


 * Tragedy in the Atlantic **

April 14-15, 1912, On its maiden scheduled voyage across the Atlantic, the R.M.S. Titanic struck an iceberg and sank a few hours later.

Above: **The R.M.S. Titanic**

In April 1912, the British ocean liner, R.M.S. Titanic of the White Star Line departed from Great Britain on her maiden voyage enroute across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City. On April 15, 1912, the Titanic struck an iceberg and sank within hours. All total, 1517 people died in the disaster.

With historical hindsight, some people have looked upon the sinking of the Titanic as a symbol of the impending European disaster of World War One that would engulf Europe a little over two years after the loss of the Titanic

**Presidential Election of 1912**

**May 12-18, 1912**: The Socialist Party of America met in Indianapolis, Indiana. Eugene V. Debs was the 2012 presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America, winning right at 6% of the national popular vote in November.



**The Presidential Election of 1912: The Republican National Convention in Chicago**

June 18-22, 1912: The Republican National Convention (held in Chicago, Illinois) nominated President William Howard Taft as its presidential nominee. President Taft beat back a challenge from former president Theodore Roosevelt.

Above left: A political cartoon regarding the divided Republican Party in 1912 Above right: A political cartoon regarding the feud between Taft and Roosevelt

The rift between Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican Party, especially when Roosevelt bolted the Republican National Convention in protest of the manner in which Pro-Taft forces handled the nomination process. Less than a month after failing to obtain the Republican nomination, Theodore Roosevelt further divided the Republican vote when he became a //third party// presidential candidate under the Progressive Party banner.

**The Presidential Election of 1912: The Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, Maryland**

June 25-July 2, 1912: The Democratic National Convention (held in Baltimore, Maryland) nominated New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson as its presidential nominee. Wilson won on the 46th ballot.

Above: Woodrow Wilson


 * The Presidential Election of 1912: The Progressive Party Convention in Chicago **

**August 6-7, 1912**: The Progressive Party (aka the Bull Moose Party) nominated former Republican President, Theodore Roosevelt as its presidential candidate for the 1912 election. Like the Republicans, the Progressive Party held its convention in Chicago, Illinois.



Above left: Teddy Roosevelt addressed the Progressive Party Convention Above right: A Pamphlet containing the platform of the 1912 Progressive Party

Above: // Harper's Weekly // took a critical view of Teddy Roosevelt's 1912 third party effort.

**Teddy Roosevelt's political //Confession of Faith//**


 * 1912 World Series: The Boston Red Sox Defeated the New York Giants **


 * October 16, 1912: **




 * [|Baseball Almanac: The 1912 World Series]**

**The Presidential Election of 1912**

November 5, 1912: Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the Presidency, defeating Progressive Party nominee Theodore Roosevelt, Republican Party nominee President William Howard Taft, and Socialist Eugene V. Debs.








 * 1912 Presidential Election **

November 5, 1912: Woodrow Wilson's victory and the changing presidential fortunes of the Democratic Party

Elected to his first term in 1912, Woodrow Wilson would be re-elected in 1916, and in doing so, would become the first incumbent Democratic president to be re-elected to a successive term since Andrew Jackson in 1836. But perhaps more significantly, Wilson's eight years in the White House launched nearly 100 years of real presidential competitiveness between the Democratic and Republican parties. From 1912 to 2012, of the 25 presidential elections, the Democratic Party won 14, and the Republican Party won 12.


 * The Democratic Party and the Presidency **


 * PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION VICTORIES BY DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATES, 1912-2012. **


 * 1912: Woodrow Wilson **
 * 1916: Woodrow Wilson **
 * 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt **
 * 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt **
 * 1940: Franklin D. Roosevelt **
 * 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt **
 * 1948: Harry S. Truman **
 * 1960: John F. Kennedy **
 * 1964: Lyndon B. Johnson **
 * 1976: Jimmy Carter **
 * 1992: Bill Clinton **
 * 1996: Bill Clinton **
 * 2008: Barack H. Obama **
 * 2012: Barack H. Obama **

** 1913 **


 * Future United States President Richard M. Nixon Born in California**


 * January 9, 1913:**

**Nixon Library: Brief Biography of Richard M. Nixon**


 * The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson **


 * March 4, 1913: **Woodrow Wilson became President of the United States

Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), 28th American President Years in Office: 1913-1921 Above: **President Woodrow Wilson**


 * Future United States President Gerald R. Ford Born in Nebraska**


 * July 14, 1913:**


 * Alabama Culture **

Fall 1913: Auburn's undefeated football team wins the championship of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association




 * The Creation of The Fed **

**December 23, 1913:** President Woodrow Wilson signed the // Federal Reserve Act // into law, thus creating the Federal Reserve System (aka "The Fed"), a centralized banking system managing the money supply and interest rates pertaining to the United States monetary system (the dollar).

In the painting at right, President Wilson signs the // Federal Reserve Act // into law.

** 1914 **

Western Imperialism

1914: The Partition of Africa by European Powers

**Margaret Sanger and the Rise of the American Birth Control Movement**

**March 1914**: Nurse and Birth Control Activist Margaret Sanger launched //The Woman Rebel//, a monthly newsletter advocating the legalization of birth control for women. The slogan of //The Woman Rebel// was "No Gods, No Masters," a slogan often associated with anarchism.




 * The Dawn of World War One **

**June 28, 1914:** World War One and the Death of Old Europe. Above: **Archduke Franz Ferdinand** and **Duchess Sophie; Newspaper announcing the assassination of Ferdinand and Sophie** **June 28, 1914**: Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie were assassinated by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip. The assassination of the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne triggered a conflict between the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and Serbia. This conflict, in turn, triggered a series of alliances involving the major European powers, and thus bringing about the First World War. More specifically, Imperial Russia backed up Serbia. France, in turn, backed up Russia. Austria-Hungary, in contrast, was supported by Germany.
 * [|New York Times: WWI and What it Did]**

**Cousins Tsar Nicholas II and Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Road to WWI**


 * The First World War **

World War One, August 1914- November 1918.

Above: **A depiction of a WWI aircraft battle**

World War One, 1914-1918 Major Allied Powers: Russia, France, Great Britain, and later, The United States Major Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Outcome: The Allies largely prevailed over the Central Powers

The First World War

World War One, August 1914- November 1918



Trench Warfare during World War One. The War lasted for four years, from August 1914 until November 1918. The Ottoman, Russian, Austrian-Hungarian, and German empires all were destroyed as a result of WWI. The British Empire was greatly weakened as well, but survived. The United States entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allies. The U.S. emerged as the leading world economic power after WWI.

The First World War

September 5-12, 1914: WWI. The Battle of the Marne



** 1915 **

The Ku Klux Klan and its War on Modernity

February 8, 1915: The movie // The // // Birth of a Nation //, a silent film glorifying the Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era, was released. In terms of movie-making, // The Birth of a Nation // was a ground-breaking feature film that lasted around three hours. It became a cultural phenomenon in the United States and demonstrated the potential cultural and political power of motion pictures.




 * The Creation of NACA, the //National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics//**


 * March 3, 1915:**

Above: **Seal for the //National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics// (NACA)**


 * [|NASA.gov: The Creation of NACA, the Forerunner of NASA]**

The First World War

May 7, 1915: A German U-Boat (submarine) sank the // HMS Lusitania //



Culture War: The Ku Klux Klan and its War on Modernity

November 25, 1915: The Ku Klux Klan was re-establshed atop Stone Mountain, Georgia.

William J. Simmons, the founder of the revived KKK and pictured in the insert above, was inspired in part by D.W. Griffiths' film, // The Birth of a Nation //.

** 1916 **


 * The First World War: The Battle of Verdun **

February 21, 1916 to December 18, 1916: WWI. The Battle of Verdun Above left: French troops in a trench Above right: A French medal honoring service at Verdun

The Easter Rising, a Step towards Irish Independence

April 24-29, 1916: For 6 days, Irish revolutionaries attempted to secure Ireland's independence from Great Britain. The attempt was suppressed by the British, but proved to be a crucial spark in the development of the Irish independence movement.

Above: A text of the ** Easter Proclamation ** declaring Ireland's independence; the ** General Post Office (GPO) ** Dublin, Ireland.

Above: The 7 signatories of the ** Easter Proclamation, ** the document that declared Irish independence

Above: A Stamp commemorating the Easter Rising.

The First World War

July 1, 1916 to November 18, 1916: WWI. The Battle of the Somme

Above: A British soldier in a trench


 * 1912 World Series: The Boston Red Sox Defeated the Brooklyn Robins (aka Dodgers)**


 * October 12, 1916:**

Above: **1916** **World Series Program**


 * [|Baseball Almanac: The 1916 World Series]**


 * 1916 Presidential Election **

**November 1916**: President Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) re-elected as President of the United States

President Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) narrowly re-elected to a second term. In a closely contested election against Republican Charles Evans Hughes, President Woodrow Wilson prevailed. He began his second term on March 4, 1917. Though he ran on a slogan that "He kept us out of the war," Wilson reacted to changing international circumstances, and in April 1917, asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany and the other Central Powers.






 * World War One and the Fall of Imperial Russia **

**December 29-30, 1916**: The Killing of Rasputin



** 1917 **


 * The Mexican Revolution **

**February 5, 1917:** The enactment of Mexico's 1917 Constitution




 * The First World War and the Dawn of the Russian Revolution **

**March 15, 1917:** The Abdication of Czar Nicholas II of Russia, thus launching the early phase of the Russian Revolution

Russia's Czar Nicholas II abdicated his throne, thus ending 300 years of Romanov rule in Russia.

The First World War

**April 2, 1917 to November 11, 1918**: The United States and its role in WWI

April 2, 1917: The image above shows President Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) addressing Congress. In this address President Wilson called for a declaration of war against Germany and the other Central Powers.


 * The Russian Revolution **

**April 16, 1917:** Lenin returned from exile and re-entered Russia at the // Finland Station //

Above left: Lenin in 1920 Above right: A highly romanticized painting portraying Lenin's arrival at the Finland Station.

The German government, having the hopes of further de-stabilizing Russia, smuggled the Marxist Russian revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin, into Russia. Lenin had been living in exile in Switzerland.

Germany's decision to bring Lenin back to Russia was a fateful turning point in the 20th century. Lenin's later success in leading the Bolshevik Revolution led to the establishment of a Marxist communist state, the Soviet Union. The interplay of Communism and Anti-Communism would prove to be a governing dynamic of world politics until the early 1990s. Had Lenin never returned to Russia in the Spring of 1917, the Russian Revolution may not have culminated in a Marxist-Communist Revolution. But in the end, it did happen, and much of the 20th century evolved in the context of the Communist & Anti-Communist dialectic.




 * Future United States President John F. Kennedy Born in Brookline, Massachusetts**


 * May 29, 1917:**


 * The Russian Revolution: Lenin's Bolsheviks Take Power in Petrograd **

**November 7, 1917:** The Start of the Bolshevik phase of the Russian Revolution and the rise of Communism Russian Revolution, 1917. Russia's Czar Nicholas abdicated his throne in 1917. Later that year, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led the Bosheviks to power. The Bolsheviks created the world's first Marxist-Communist nation, the Soviet Union.



The Russian Revolution and Civil War

November 8, 1917 to 1922: The Russian Civil War

** 1918 **


 * The Russian Revolution **

**March 3, 1918:** The // Treaty of Brest-Litovsk // withdrew Russia from WWI



The First World War

November 11, 1918: Armistice ends the fighting in WWI.



** 1919 **


 * The Death of Theodore Roosevelt, an American Progressive**


 * January 6, 1919:** Former President Theodore Roosevelt died at Oyster Bay, New York.

Above: //**The New York Times**// covering the death of **Theodore Roosevelt**

[|The Death of Theodore Roosevelt]


 * The Treaty of Versailles**

June 28, 1919: The 1919 Treaty of Versailles and the false peace



Treaty of Versailles, June 1919. This treaty officially ended WWI. The victorious Allies (Great Britain and France) forced harsh peace terms on Germany. The American U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson, played a significant role at Versailles, but failed to get the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaty. In Germany, an obscure WWI military veteran named Adolf Hitler grew very bitter over the way that Germany had been treated by the Allies. He began plotting revenge.


 * Red Scare: The Start of the Palmer Raids**


 * November 7, 1919:**

Above: **A. Mitchell Palmer who served as U.S. Attorney General from 1919 to 1921**


 * [|Library of Congress: The Palmer Raids]**