Chronicle+of+the+Years+1920-1929

//** The 1920s **//

** 1920 **


 * Red Scare: The Palmer Raids**


 * January 2, 1920:**

Above: **A. Mitchell Palmer, U.S. Attorney General from 1919 to 1921**


 * [|Library of Congress: The Palmer Raids]**


 * The U.S. Census of 1920 **

**January 5, 1920**: The U.S. Census Bureau conducted the 1920 Census

Per the Census, the population of the United States of America was **106,021,537** in **1920**, a population increase of **15%** since **1910**.




 * Prohibition of Alcohol **

**January 17, 1920**: Prohibition of alcohol goes into effect



In 1919, the 18th Amendment, an amendment outlawing the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages, was ratified by the requisite amount of states. In the wake of the passage of the 18th Amendment, Congress passed the // Volstead Act //, the enabling act that set the parameters of Prohibition. Prohibition went into effect in January 1920.


 * Babe Ruth Hits His First Home Run as a Member of the New York Yankees**


 * May 1, 1920:**

Above: **Babe Ruth in 1920**


 * Women's Suffrage **

**August 18, 1920**: The 19th Amendment became a part of the U.S. Constitution, thus giving women the right to vote.




 * U.S. Coast-to-Coast Airmail Service Begins**


 * August 20, 1920**




 * The 1920 World Series: The Cleveland Indians Defeat the Brooklyn Robins (aka Dodgers)**


 * October 12, 1920:**

Above: **Program for the 1920 World Series; Team photo of the 1920 Cleveland Indians**


 * [|Baseball Almanac: The 1920 World Series]**


 * 1920 Presidential Election **

**November 2, 1920**: Republican Warren G. Harding was elected President of the United States



** 1921 **


 * The Irish Republic **

**January 21, 1921**: The ** Dail Eireann, ** the revolutionary parliament of the ** Irish Republic, ** ratified the ** Easter Proclamation of 1916 **, the document declaring Ireland's independence from Great Britain.


 * The Presidency of Warren G. Harding **

**March 4, 1921**: Warren G. Harding became President of the United States of America

March 4, 1921 to August 2, 1923

Republican Warren G. Harding, The 29th President of the United States

Above: **Warren G. Harding, President of the United States from March 4, 1921 to August 2, 1923**


 * 1921 World Series: The New York Giants Defeat the New York Yankees**




 * [|Baseball Almanac: The 1921 World Series]**


 * The Anglo-Irish Treaty **

**December 6, 1921**: The British government and representatives of the ** Irish Republic ** signed the ** Anglo-Irish ** ** Treaty **, an agreement that created the ** Irish Free State, ** a self-governing ** dominion ** and a member of the ** British Commonwealth of Nations. ** The ** Irish Free State, ** under the terms of the treaty, would come into existence one year later.

The ** Anglo-Irish Treaty ** ended the ** Irish War of Independence **.

Above: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, a negotiator on behalf of the UK; Irish Representative Michael Collins, negotiator on behalf of the Irish Republic;

** 1922 **


 * Egypt Becomes an Independent Nation as Great Britain Abolishes the Protectorate**


 * February 28, 1922:**

Above: **1923 cover of //Time// with Egypt's King Faud I on the cover**




 * "On November 18, 1914, Britain declared a Protectorate over Egypt in order to prevent that country from joining (as Turkey did) the side of the Central Powers in the war. On February 28, 1922, the British Government announced that the Protectorate was abolished, but that there should be: maintenance of British Empire communications; defense of Egypt against foreign aggression; protection of foreign interest in Egypt and minorities; guarantees for British interests in the Sudan. On March 1, 1922, Sarwat Pasha formed an Egyptian Cabinet. And on March 16, Fuad, Sultan of Egypt, was proclaimed King Fuad I of Egypt —the first independent ruler of Egypt since the death of Cleopatra on August 29, 30 B. C. The British, who had ruled the country by martial law since 1914, then promised that such law would be withdrawn as soon as a constitution had been framed and agreed to." **


 * ---//Time//, April 28, 1923 Issue **


 * The Founding of the American Birth Control League**


 * April 5, 1922:**

Above: **Margaret Sanger**


 * Fascist Italy **

**October 27-29, 1922**: Benito Mussolini's Fascist Party conducted a "March on Rome" and came to power.

Above left: Fascists march to Rome Above right: Benito Mussolini (Hands on hips)


 * 1922 World Series: The New York Giants Defeat the New York Yankees**


 * [|Baseball Almanac: The 1922 World Series]**


 * The Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate**


 * November 1, 1922:**


 * The Irish Free State **

**December 6, 1922**: Under the provisions of the ** Anglo-Irish Treaty, ** the ** Irish ** ** Free State ** came into existence. The ** Irish Free State ** remained under a measure of British sovereignty, however.

** 1923 **


 * The Death of President Warren G. Harding**


 * August 2, 1923:**

Above: **Warren G. Harding, President of the United States from March 4, 1921 to August 2, 1923**

The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge


 * August 2, 1923 to March 4, 1929: ** Republican Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President of the United States




 * 1923 World Series: The New York Yankees Defeat the New York Giants**


 * October 15, 1923:**


 * [|Baseball Almanac: The 1923 World Series]**

**The Beer Hall Putsch**

**November 8-9, 1923**: In Munich, Germany, Nazi Party leader **Adolf Hitler** failed in an attempted seizure of power in what became known as // The Beer Hall Putsch //.



Hitler was among several who were arrested, prosecuted, and convicted for their involvement in the failed coup d'etat. While serving a prison sentence, Hitler wrote a manifesto entitled, // Mein // Kampf, an anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) book that laid out much of what Hitler believed.

** 1924 **


 * The Death of Vladimir Lenin **

**January 21, 1924**: The Death of Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) and the rise of Josef Stalin (1879-1953)



After Lenin's death on January 21, 1924, Josef Stalin steadily gained control of the levers of power in the Soviet Union. By the late 1920s, he had exiled his biggest rival, Leon Trotsky. During the 1930s Stalin ruled the Soviet Union with an iron grip. Millions of Soviet citizens died under his murderous rule, particularly when Stalin forced the Soviet Union into an ambitious program of industrial modernization during the 1930s.


 * The End of the Ottoman Caliphate**


 * March 3, 1924:**

Above: **Abdulmecid II, the last Ottoman Caliph**


 * The Virginia //Racial Integrity Act// of 1924 **

**March 20, 1924**: The State of Virginia enacted the Virginia ** //Racial Integrity Act,// ** a state law establishing that all Virginians be classified as either ** white ** or ** colored. ** The law forbade ** interracial marriage. **

The law was not overturned until June 12, 1967, when the U.S. Supreme Court, in ** //Loving v. Virginia,// ** declared the law to be unconstitutional.

Above: **Dr. Walter A. Plecker, advocate of Virginia's** ** //Racial Integrity Act// **


 * [|The Virginia Racial Integrity Act of 1924] **


 * [|Dr. Walter A. Plecker] **


 * The Restriction of Immigration into the United States: //The Immigration Act of 1924// (Also called the //Johnson-Reed// Act) **

**May 26, 1924**: President Calvin Coolidge (Republican) signed the //**Immigration Act of 1924**// into law, legislation that greatly restricted immigration into the United States, particularly Non-European immigration outside the Western Hemisphere. The law restricted the number of immigrants, and from where immigrants could come.

In particular, the 1924 law restricted immigrants by national origin in accordance to a strict formula. The formula mandated that annual immigration from a given country **could not exceed 2% of the number of American residents whose national origins were that given given country in 1890**. The national origins quotas ensured that most immigrants would be from the British Isles, and the western, northern, and central parts of Europe.

**By 1929, the overall limit of quota immigrants was set at 150,000 per year**. The number of quota immigrants from a given country was set in proportion that country's national origin share per the 1920 Census.

Above: **Albert Johnson, Republican U.S. Congressman (Washington), 1913-1933; David Reed, U.S. Senator (R-Pennsylvania), 1922-1935**

Above: **President Calvin Coolidge signing the //Immigration Act of 1924// into law**

The Immigration Act of 1924, with only some modification, became the law that governed U.S immigration until 1960s when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration Act of 1965, thus abolishing the national origins quotas.


 * [|Immigration Act of 1924] **

**Immigration Act of 1924**

**Race and the Immigration Act of 1924**


 * Enactment of the //Indian Citizenship Act//**


 * June 2, 1924:**


 * [|Politico: 90th Anniversary of the Indian Citizenship Act]**


 * Future United States President George H. W. Bush Born in Milton, Massachusetts**


 * June 12, 1924:**


 * [|PBS: George H.W. Bush Timeline]**


 * Future United States President Jimmy Carter Born in Georgia**


 * October 1, 1924:**


 * 1924 Presidential Election **

**November 1924**: President Calvin Coolidge won the 1924 Presidential Election



** 1925 **

// The Great Gatsby //

April 10, 1925: // The Great Gatsby //, a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, was published.

Above: **// The Great Gatsby // and author, F. Scott Fitzgerald **


 * American Religion and Science **

**July 10-21, 1925:** Protestant Fundamentalism and the Scopes Monkey Trial




 * Weimar Germany and the Coming of the Nazis **

**July 18, 1925**: // Mein Kampf // was published, the autobiography and political manifesto by Adolf Hitler.




 * The Ku Klux Klan and its War on Modernity **

**August 8, 1925**: The Ku Klux Klan conducted a massive march on Washington, D.C.



** 1926 **

Alabama Culture

January 1, 1926: Alabama won the Rose Bowl

The University of Alabama's Rose Bowl victory is considered by many to be the dawn of Southern college football as viable and even dominant force on the national stage. Some even saw Alabama's victory in a Civil War context, revenge for Gettysburg, if you will.

**The Birth of NBC**

**November 15, 1926**: The ** National Broadcasting Company ** Radio Network was started. ** NBC ** would later expand into television.

Above: An early NBC logo

** 1927 **

American Technology and Aviation

May 1927: American Charles Lindbergh flew solo across the Atlantic Ocean

Flying the // Spirit of St. Louis //, American Charles Lindbergh flew non-stop from the east coast of the United States to France, thus becoming the first person to fly an airplane non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean from North America to Europe. Upon completing the transatlantic flight, Lindbergh became an instant worldwide celebrity.


 * The Executions of Sacco and Vanzetti**


 * August 23, 1927**:

Above: **Sacco (left) and Vanzetti (right)**

[|Sacco and Vanzetti Executed]

American Culture

**October 6, 1927**: The movie // The Jazz Singer // opened. Al Jolson starred in the film.



The Soviet Union under Stalin

December 1927 to June 1941: Stalin tightened his grip on the Soviet Union

With the expulsion of Leon Trotsky from the Soviet Communist Party, Stalin led the Soviet Union into a new historical phase, a period of noteworthy economic expansion, but a material expansion built on brutal repression, totalitarian injustice, mass starvation, and murder.

Prior to the Soviet Union's entry into WWII in June 1941, millions of Soviet citizens died as a result of Stalin's policies, sometimes as a side-effect, but in many cases, by deliberate design. Moreover, nor were high-level Soviet officials immune from Stalin's purges, including officials who had played important roles in the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.

Stalin's desire to eliminate any potential rival extended beyond the borders of the Soviet Union (USSR). In 1940, while in exile, Leon Trotsky himself was assassinated in Mexico City by a pick-axe wielding agent of Josef Stalin.



** 1928 **


 * Soviet Dictator Joseph Stalin Banishes Leon Trotsky to Internal Exile in the Soviet Union**


 * January 11, 1928:**

Above: **Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin**


 * [|History.com: Stalin Banishes Trotsky to Internal Exile in the Soviet Union, January 11, 1928]**


 * Presidential Election of 1928 **

**November 1928**: Herbert Hoover elected to the Presidency

Republican Herbert Hoover pictured at left, Democrat Al Smith at right



//**From Hoover to Obama: The 1928 Thread in American Politics**//

Above: //**Time**// **covers of Republican Herbert Hoover (Left) and Democrat Al Smith (Right)**


 * The Rise of the Walt Disney's Universe **

**November 18, 1928**: Walt Disney's // Steamboat Willie //, a cartoon short with audio, was released. With // Steamboat Willie //, the ** Mickey Mouse ** character emerged to become an American cultural icon. For the remainder of the 20th century and into the 21st, Disney productions were a staple of American mass entertainment. Walt Disney, the creator of many of the core Disney characters, died in 1966.

Above: **Scenes from** **// Steamboat Willie //**

Above: **A 1978 Commemorative Poster of Walt Disney's** **// Steamboat Willie //**

** 1929 **


 * Martin Luther King, Jr. Born in Atlanta, Georgia**


 * January 15, 1929:**

Above: **NPS.gov photo of the Martin Luther King Jr's birthplace and childhood home at 501 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, Georgia**


 * [|NPS.gov: Martin Luther King, Jr. Historic Sites]**


 * The Presidency of Herbert Hoover **

**March 4, 1929**: Herbert Hoover became President of the United States

Herbert Hoover (Republican), 31st American President Years in Office: 1929-1933


 * The Stock Market Crash of 1929 **

**October 29, 1929:** The American stock market crashed rapidly, and the Great Depression was underway




 * [|The 1929 Stock Market Crash] **


 * The Great Depression **

The Great Depression, 1929-1940.



The American Stock Market Crash of 1929 triggered a worldwide Great Depression. In Germany, the economic collapse revived the political fortunes of Adolf Hitler. In the United States, the Great Depression destroyed the political fortunes of the Republicans, the political party in power.